What condition caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy may lead to mental impairment and stunted growth?

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can lead to a condition known as cretinism, which is characterized by severe mental impairment and stunted physical growth. Cretinism occurs when there is insufficient iodine available to produce thyroid hormones, which are critical for normal brain development and growth in the fetus. In the absence of adequate thyroid hormone levels, a developing baby can suffer from a range of cognitive disabilities and growth deficiencies, manifesting later in life as both mental and physical challenges.

In contrast, goiter refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can occur due to iodine deficiency but does not inherently cause mental impairment or stunted growth. Hypothyroidism refers to an underactive thyroid gland that can result from iodine deficiency, but it is more about the insufficient production of thyroid hormones rather than the specific developmental impairments linked to cretinism. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is characterized by an overactive thyroid and is not related to iodine deficiency but rather to other conditions. Thus, cretinism specifically highlights the critical impact of iodine deficiency on fetal development, making it the correct answer.